Food Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food Issue - Essay Example In my opinion, I would support solar-based agriculture. First, the system has been shown to be prudent in saving energy. In my place, farmers have been spending too much energy that is available to produce crops in the petroleum-based agriculture. Moreover, the solar-based will help in conserving our local environment there will be less use of fertilizers and other forms of chemicals (Pollan 1). Secondly, I would support the solar-based agriculture due to the immense benefit it has on health. This is because the petroleum-based agriculture has led to the production of cheap food that is of low quality. Such food lacks essential nutrients and mostly comprised of fats. The effect has been the rise of various chronic diseases that are costly to the American people (Pollan 1). Thirdly, solar-based agriculture will help the country reduce overreliance of food from other countries. Food from foreign countries may provide a leeway for terrorist activities. Hence, solar-based agriculture wil l help production of food locally that is free from contamination from the rest of the world (Pollan 1). Recently, there has been growing interest in the community to shift to local foods and farms. The shift has been based on several reasons. The shift to local food has been mainly due to realization that the food is healthier, nutritious and of quality value. On the other hand, the shift to local farms has been due to the high prices of food produced through local means. In fact, it has come to the attention of the farmers that consumers are willing to pay an extra cash to get locally produced

Exam case financial accounting Essay Example for Free

Exam case financial accounting Essay Solutions to Exercises and Problems Tutorial 1 IFM Case 2-2 Case 2-2 SKD Limited 1.Goodwill There is no goodwill amortization expense in Country A, so the goodwill amortization expense recognized by SKD must be added back to determine income under Country A GAAP. SKD amortizes goodwill over a longer period (20 years) than is allowed in Country B (5 years), so an additional amount of goodwill amortization expense must be recognized to determine income under Country B GAAP, which reduces Country B GAAP income. b.The goodwill adjustment affects the retained earnings in stockholders’ equity. The increase in Country A GAAP income results in an increase in retained earnings and the decrease in Country B GAAP income results in a decrease in retained earnings. c.The adjustment to income is for the current year only. The adjustment to stockholders’ equity is cumulative. The fact that the stockholders’ equity adjustment is three times as larger as the income adjustment implies that the goodwill was purchased three year ago. 2.Capitalized Interest a.The adjustment labeled â€Å"Capitalized interest† relates to the interest that is not expensed but instead is capitalized under Country A GAAP. The adjustment labeled â€Å"Depreciation related to capitalized interest† relates to the depreciation of the interest that was capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. b.The first adjustment increases income because interest is not being expensed immediately but instead is capitalized as part of the cost of the asset to which it relates. The second adjustment decreases income because under Country A GAAP, the asset to which interest is capitalized has a larger cost and therefore a larger depreciation expense. c.Both income adjustments are closed out to retained earnings and partially offset one another. The increase to income of $50 and the decrease of $20 result in a net increase in retained earnings of $30. 3.Fixed Assets a.When fixed assets are revalued to a higher amount, there is an increase in their carrying value with an offsetting increase in stockholders’ equity to keep the balance sheet in balance. The amount by which the assets are revalued is subject to depreciation, which results in a larger depreciation expense. The adjustment to recognize this additional depreciation expense decreases income under Country B GAAP. It also decreases stockholders’ equity (retained earnings). The decrease in retained earnings from additional depreciation is smaller than the increase in stockholders’ equity from revaluation of assets, which results in a net increase in stockholders’ equity. Note: if we knew when the fixed assets were revalued, we could determine the amount by which they were revalued. For example, if revaluation occurred at the end of the previous year, then the revaluation amount must have been $64 ($64 – 8 = $56) because only one year of additional deprecat ion would be included in the stockholders’ equity adjustment. 27. Holzer Company – Property, Plant, and Equipment (capitalization of borrowing costs and measurement of asset subsequent to acquisition using two alternative models) IAS 16 Cost Model Carry asset on the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Capitalize borrowing costs borrowing costs attributable to the construction of qualifying assets. Annual interest ($900,000 x 10%)$90,000 Interest to be capitalized in Year 1 ($500,000* x 10%)50,000 Interest expense in Year 1$40,000 * Expenditures of $1,000,000 were made evenly throughout the year, so the average accumulated expenditures during the year are $500,000 ($1,000,000 / 2). Cost of building: Construction costs$1,000,000 Capitalized interest50,000 Total initial cost of building$1,050,000 Annual depreciation (beginning in Year 2) ($1,050,000 / 40 years) $26,250 Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5 Income Statement Depreciation expense$0$26,250$26,250$26,250$26,250 Balance Sheet Building (at 1/1)$0$1,050,000$1,023,750$997,500$971,250 Depreciation(26,250)(26,250)(26,250)(26,250) Building (at 12/31)$1,050,000$1,023,750$997,500$971,250$945,000 IAS 16 Revaluation Model Carry asset on the balance sheet at revalued amount equal to fair value less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Capitalize borrowing costs attributable to the construction of qualifying assets. Annual interest ($900,000 x 10%)$90,000 Interest to be capitalized in Year 1 ($500,000 x 10%)50,000 Interest expense in Year 1$40,000 Cost of building: Construction costs$1,000,000 Capitalized interest50,000 Total initial cost of building$1,050,000 Annual depreciation (beginning in Year 2) ($1,050,000 / 40 years) $26,250 Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5 Income Statement Depreciation expense$0$26,250$26,250$25,5262$25,526 Subtotal $0$26,250$26,250$25,526$25,526 Loss on revaluation27,500 Reversal of revaluation loss(27,500) Total expense (income)$0$26,250$43,750$25,526$(1,974) Balance Sheet Building (at 1/1)$0$1,050,000$1,023,750$970,000$944,474 Depreciation(26,250)(26,250)(25,526)(25,526) Building (at 12/31)$1,050,000$1,023,750$997,500$944,474$918,948 Loss on revaluation(27,500)1 Reversal of revaluation loss27,5003 Revaluation surplus 3,5523 Building (at 12/31)$1,050,000$1,023,750$970,000 $944,474$950,000 1At December 31,Year 3, the fair value of the building is determined to be $970,000. The carrying value of the building is decreased by $27,500, with a loss on revaluation recognized in Year 3 net income. 2 Depreciation in Year 4 is $25,526 ($970,000 / 38 remaining years). 3At December 31,Year 5, the fair value of the building is determined to be $950,000. The carrying value of the building is increased by $31,052. A reversal of revaluation loss of $27,500 is recognized in income and $3,552 ($31,052 – 27,500) is recorded as revaluation surplus in shareholders’ equity.

Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916

Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916 Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916 William Butler Yeats, in his essay, ‘The Symbolism of Poetry’ wrote â€Å"All sounds, all colours, all forms, either because of their preordained energies or because of long association, evoke indefinable and yet precise emotions, or, as I prefer to think, call down among us certain disembodied powers.† W.B.Yeats wrote many of his works by the use of rich symbolism through either color, forms or sounds. One of Yeats’ major work, ‘Easter 1916’ also uses the references to certain symbols and brings forth associations with significant events in the history of Ireland. It is a poem which evokes one to remember the incidences of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916 in Dublin through the means of rich symbolism. The poem ‘Easter 1916’ holds true to Yeats’ quote found in his essay ‘Symbolism of Poetry’ that certain colors and forms evokes precise emotions through either their long associations or their preordaine d energies. The symbol of ‘terrible beauty’, ‘the stone’, and the color ‘green’ through preordained energies and long associations respectively, evokes certain emotions related to the historical context of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916. Yeats mentions the phrase ‘a terrible beauty is born’ three times in the poem. What actually is this ‘terrible beauty’? Yeats actually is referring to the ‘Easter Uprising’ that happened in Dublin in 1916. It is history and as history is thought to be preordained, so does this association become preordained. These lines remind of the brutal execution of the leaders of Irish Republican Brotherhood (the ones who rebelled against the British for independence) and so evokes emotions of sadness, which is terrible, but also of pride and patriotism which is beautiful. In the first stanza, lines 15-16, Yeats mentions that all things are changed and even though people seem unchanged, the truth is that lives were changed after a terrible history that was born in Ireland. Again in line 39, he mentions of the terrible beauty. He talks about Countess Markieviez (lines 17-23), who Yeats describes as a woman ‘in ignorant goodwill’ and ‘her n ights in argument’ (lines 18-19). This can also mean that she represents rebellion because of the word ‘argument’. It signifies and evokes emotions of the Irish rebellion towards England for independence. ‘Ignorant goodwill’ may apply to being ignorant of the goodness of everyday life and thus choose to be more aggressive to come out independent. Yeats also talk of Patrick Pearse(lines 24-30) who could have won fame but could not as he was executed in the end. Pearse is portrayed as having a ‘sensitive nature’ (line 29). Yeats may as well be implying that ordinary people can bring about changes in the society. John MacBride is also mentioned in lines 31-38. MacBride was not one of the favorites of Yeats as he seemed to have done wrong to those near Yeats’ heart (lines 33-34), but he still regards MacBride as a hero for he fought for the good of Ireland. These people were the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who did their part and gave birth to a ‘terrible beauty’, that is, freedom to Ireland. Yeats argued that symbols whether color, forms or sounds evokes emotions due to their preordained energies. It is true in case of the association of the ‘terrible beauty’ in ‘Easter 1916’ because it evokes emotions of pride, sadness and patriotism (as discussed above) as it is associated with the history of Ireland. Furthermore, in lines 75-80, Yeats mentions MacDonagh, MacBride, Connolly and Pearse, who were responsible for Ireland becoming a free state, which also evokes emotions of patriotism and respect for those dead. The historical context of ‘Easter Uprising’ helps understand the symbolism better as the symbol of ‘terrible beauty’ has its ground on the events that are related to history. The ‘stone’ mentioned in lines 43, 56 and 58 has its echoes from long associations. A stone is often times associated with immovability, rigidity and unchanging nature. Here in the poem as well, the ‘stone’ is at first portrayed as ‘a trouble to the living stream’ (line 43). The leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, may be associated with the stone here. As rigid and unchanging the stone is, the deceased of the ‘Easter Uprising’ also remain unchanged, in their pursuit to gain freedom and thereafter because they are dead, they will remain unchanged for all times to come. Yeats gives many examples of changing phenomenon such as the shadows of the clouds which changes every minute, the horse, the birds, the winter and the summer, which is bound to be changed each time. Then he talks of the ‘stone in the midst of all’ (line 56) which is amongst changes but still remains the same itself however. In line 58, the ‘stone’, however is associated with a heart. This may be because too much of wars and dark history, (the uprising which led to the execution of many Irish) makes the human heart cold and emotionless like that of a stone. These images of the stone evoke emotions of stillness in one. That is it makes one realize that everything is bound to change, that change is inevitable and yet there are some things that can never be changed like the stone. The historical context of the Irish freedom makes it easier to understand this because then it shows that the things and events done in the history cannot be changed. No matter how ev erything may change minute by minute, no one can re-write history. The color ‘green’ in Yeats poem symbolizes Ireland through long association. Green is mentioned in the last stanza where Yeats talk about those who were killed during the event of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916. And Yeats mentions that ‘whenever green is worn’ (line 78), the things that has been changed will be remembered, the heroes will be remembered and thus the ‘terrible beauty born’ will be cherished. After the heroes were executed, ‘green’ has been associated with the representation of the nation of Ireland. So whenever green be worn, it would symbolize Ireland’s victory over the British in the fight for independence. Green as such is normally related to nature but the historical context of the poem helps in gaining a full understanding of its association with the names of the dead people mentioned in the last stanza. This evokes the feeling of patriotism because it reminds that now ‘green’ is t he color of Ireland where ‘motley was worn’ (line 14), and that liberty was now endowed to those living by those who sacrificed themselves in the quest of freedom. Through all the above paragraphs, it can be justified that Yeats stands true to his quote which he gave in his essay ‘Symbolism of Poetry’. The images, sounds and associations such as the ‘terrible beauty’, the ‘stone’ and the color ‘green’ all have either preordained energies or long associations which evokes emotions that are precise. ‘Easter 1916’, through its strong echoes of the historical period of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916, manages to justify Yeats’ proposition of images being able to evoke emotions of certain precision and magnitude as discussed above. References Yeats, W.B. (1916). Easter, 1916. Retrieved from http://www.online –literature.com/yeats/779/ 1

Help Desks :: essays research papers

Help desks must help themselves: With no relief in sight, help desks need to be given the right resources.(Industry Trend or Event)Author/s: Stannie HoltThe internal help desk has a precarious position in today's enterprise. Like Rodney Dangerfield, the help desk staff often gets no respect from its internal customers nor from executives who see them only as a cost center. But other times, like Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars, they're your only hope.Insiders say that even though information technology is essential to productivity these days, minding the help desk is a thankless job whose burden will only increase over the next few years as IT's size and complexity multiplies. But there is a light at the end of the tunnel: Better-designed applications, more effective integration, and more Web interfaces could cut down on the IT clutter and therefore the help desk workload -- but not for years to come."The trend for service centers [or help desks] today is we get more and more stuff to support and more and more [IT] complexity," said Renee Seay, senior manager for IT Customer Service at semiconductor maker AMD, in Sunnyvale, Calif.Analysts say most large organizations use 30 to 50 different applications and types of hardware. Some companies have separate help desks for different products, but most prefer the convenience of a centralized service desk.According to Kurt Johnson, vice president of service management at the Meta Group, in Stamford, Conn., in the past decade the number of calls to internal help desks has risen from one or one-and-a-half per employee per month to two calls, and is likely to hit three or more within a few years.There are several reasons for this growth, and they are not all bad, according to Johnson. First, there is "the continued proliferation of technology on the desktop," he said.For example, enterprise resource planning (ERP) vendors such as SAP are trying to expand the scope of their manufacturing and financial- ori ented applications so a broader range of people can use them.Moreover, many ERP vendors are offering self-service features, such as letting all employees directly look up their available vacation days, which means everyone must have access to these applications, not just the human resources department, Johnson said.On the other hand, such self-service applications can also be a good way to cut down on calls by letting employees look up their own answers on a FAQ list or database, according to Cecil Lawson, director of executive services at Remedy, in Mountain View, Calif.

Lord Of The Flies How Does Golding Present Contrast

We are told Piggy is â€Å"very fat†, much fatter than Ralph and as ‘the naked crooks of his knees were plump† we also know piggy as to wear glasses, and is asthmatic we imagine Piggy to be the complete opposite of Ralph who appears to be healthy and an athletic child as we know he can swim. We see Ralph is very confident and relaxed as â€Å"he stood their naked† and we are told that as he is twelve he must have â€Å"lost the prominent tummy of childhood† leading us further into believing he has the contrasting physique to Piggy.Ralph and Piggy both take very different approaches to being marooned on the island. Ralph sees mainly the possible bonuses of the marooning, mainly the lack of adult supervision and the freedom he'll have unlimited access to. However the approach taken by Piggy is the more sensible choice to take. Out of the pair, Piggy realizes the potential for danger and consequences the boys will face.Ralph and piggy had very different upbringings as Ralph came from a military background and a higher class background than Piggy, Piggy lived with his aunt who had a sweet shop, we see he is from a lower class by the dialect he speaks in saying â€Å"l can't hardly move with all these creeper things†. Piggy differs from the other boys as he is a caring character, he takes responsibility for the â€Å"little-nuns† and despite the act that both his parents are deceased, Piggy acts most like a parent, Piggy shows the most kindness even though he is shown none.

What They Are and How They Were Formed

What They Are and How They Were Formed The word pluvial is Latin for the word rain; therefore, a pluvial lake is often thought of as a formerly large lake created by excessive rain paired with little evaporation. In geography though, the presence of an ancient pluvial lake or its remnants represents a period when the worlds climate was much different from present-day conditions. Historically, such shifts changed arid areas into places with extremely wet conditions. There are also present-day pluvial lakes that show the importance of various weather patterns to a location. In addition to being referred to as pluvial lakes, ancient lakes associated with former wet periods are sometimes put into the category of paleolakes. Formation of Pluvial Lakes The study of pluvial lakes today is mostly tied to that of ice ages and glaciation as the ancient lakes have left distinct landform features. The most prominent and well studied of these lakes are usually related to the last glacial period as this is when they are thought to have formed. Most of these lakes formed in arid locations where there was initially not enough rain and mountain snow to establish a drainage system with rivers and lakes. As the climate then cooled with the onset of climate change, these dry locations turned wet because of different air flows caused by the large continental ice sheets and their weather patterns. With more precipitation, stream runoff increased and began to fill the basins in the formerly dry areas. Over time, as more water became available with the increased moisture, the lakes enlarged and spread across places with lower elevations creating enormous pluvial lakes. Shrinking of Pluvial Lakes Just as pluvial lakes are created by climate fluctuations, they are also destroyed by them over time. For example, as the Holocene epoch began after the last glaciation temperatures around the world rose. As a result, the continental ice sheets melted, again causing a shift in world weather patterns and making the newly wet areas once again arid. This period of little precipitation caused the pluvial lakes to experience a drop in their water levels. Such lakes are usually endorheic, meaning they are a closed drainage basin that retains precipitation and its runoff but it does not have a drainage outlet. Therefore without a sophisticated drainage system and no incoming water, the lakes began to gradually evaporate in the dry, warm conditions usually found in their locations. Â   Some of Today’s Pluvial Lakes Though the most famous of todays pluvial lakes are significantly smaller than they used to be because of the lack of precipitation, their remnants are important aspects of many landscapes around the world. The United States Great Basin area is famous for having the remains of two large pluvial lakes Lakes Bonneville and Lahontan. Lake Bonneville (map of former Lake Bonneville) once covered nearly all of Utah as well as portions of Idaho and Nevada. It formed about 32,000 years ago and lasted until approximately 16,800 years ago. Lake Bonnevilles demise came with reduced precipitation and evaporation, but most of its water was lost as it overflowed through Red Rock Pass in Idaho after the Bear River was diverted to Lake Bonneville following lava flows in the area. However, as time passed and little rain fell into what remained of the lake, it continued to shrink. The Great Salt Lake and the Bonneville Salt Flats are the largest remaining portions of Lake Bonneville today. Lake Lahontan (map of former Lake Lahontan) is a pluvial lake that covered nearly all of northwestern Nevada as well as parts of northeastern California and southern Oregon. At its peak about 12,700 years ago, it covered approximately 8,500 square miles (22,000 square kilometers). Like Lake Bonneville, Lake Lahontans waters gradually began to evaporate resulting in a drop in lake level over time. Today, the only remaining lakes are Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake, both of which are located in Nevada. The rest of the lake’s remnants consist of dry playas and rock formations where the ancient shoreline was. In addition to these ancient pluvial lakes, several lakes still exist around the world today and are dependent on an areas precipitation patterns. Lake Eyre in South Australia is one. During the dry season portions of the Eyre Basin are dry playas but when the rainy season begins the nearby rivers flow to the basin, increasing the lake’s size and depth. This is dependent though on the seasonal fluctuations of the monsoon and some years the lake can be much larger and deeper than others. Todays pluvial lakes represent the importance of precipitation patterns and the availability of water for a locale; whereas the remains of ancient lakes show how a shift in such patterns can alter an area. Regardless of whether or not a pluvial lake is ancient or still existing today though, they are important components of an area’s landscape and will remain so as long as they continue to form and later disappear.

Animal Farm by George Orwel Essays

Animal Farm by George Orwel Essays Animal Farm by George Orwel Paper Animal Farm by George Orwel Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm George orwell Literature In many ways the animated film version of Animals farm has stayed faithful to the original Novel by Orwell, although there are several significant changes from the original made by the film-makers. In the novel very little descriptive detail is given to the reader about the farm at the beginning of the novel; instead Orwell describes Mr Jones and his behaviour. Evidence of this is on page 1, chapter 1, where Orwell writes, Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. Also Orwell writes on page 1 chapter 1 kicking off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring. These descriptions tell the readers that both Mr and Mrs Jones are very neglectful towards the farm, as Mr Jones does not lock up the chickens properly leaving them in danger of being killed by foxes. And Mrs Jones does not even make any attempt to close the farm down for the night. This shows that they do not care what happens to the animals. Also, Mr Jones is an alcoholic, and is very drunk, so he is as neglectful to himself as he is towards the animals, by drinking himself to an early grave. The reason why Orwell has chosen not to describe the farm itself in any detail at this point is because the readers are able to infer an image of the farm being dilapidated and decayed around the neglect it is suffering form the owners, Mr and Mrs Jones. Where as in the film there are extensive amounts of descriptive detail about the farm. At first the audience sees a pastoral vision of an ideal pastel coloured landscape of rolling green hills, trees in blossom, and a blue sky. As the camera pans through the landscape though, it comes to Manor Farm and its dark towering buildings are distorted by lots of long shadows which are threatening as they seem to swallow the buildings in blackness. The film-makers make use of aerial shots which give a sense of the farm being very isolated from the outside world. All of which cause the audience to instantly conclude that the farm was menacing, dilapidated and clearly neglected by its owner. In the novel there are no descriptive details of Mr Jones appearance in chapter 1, but there are a few points that tell the readers that he is careless and a drunk. Evidence of this is on page 1, chapter 1, Orwell writes, he was too drunk to remember to shut the pot-holes and With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard. This tells the readers that Mr. Jones is very negligent towards his animals and the farm, and towards himself. The swinging lamp tells the readers that he is staggering, and has trouble keeping his balance as he walks across the yard to the farm house, where he pours himself more beer. This in turn allows the readers to infer Mr. Jones appearance of a dark, unhealthy man who cares nothing for his farm or himself. In the film, Halas and Bachelor are faithful to the Drunkard, lazy character of Mr. Jones but include a higher level of descriptive detail on his appearance. Mr Jones has white drooping eyes; dark stubble upon his face, both showing self neglect; and he wore black boots which were the first thing that the audience saw, and were very much focused upon. This is because the black boots are a symbol of Nazi soldiers, which is relevant reference as Mr. Jones is an oppressive dictator, tyrannising over the farm, just like the Nazis did in Germany and most of Europe. The view of the boots is from the view of a small animal, and is portrayed as threatening and menacing, but the camera shot at this view point also highlights him staggering, swaying back and forward which is a simile of his life. Also the image of a swaying walk is shown again later on in both novel and film, as the pigs learned to walk on their hind legs at the end when they were tyrants of the farm. There is also the image of the swinging lantern light which causes the effect of distortion, which is a metaphor of how things on the farm are not how they should be. The lantern symbolises that the farm is badly run, very chaotic and highly dysfunctional. Also as Jones staggers to the farm house, the lantern is held up to the animals, so acts as a way for the narrator to introduce the animals one by one. But it also acts as a symbolic way of highlighting the victims of Jones tyranny that has distorted the animals just like the light. Also, each animals face is illuminated and the audience sees faces of sadness because of their miserable lives, fear because of Jones hold over them and anger only from the pigs because they were unhappy with their situation of not controlling the farm, so there is already ambition of rebellion. The animals eyes are looking up at Jones with vulnerability and fear; they have a child like quality to their faces which is deliberate as the audience of the film is children, so children would empathise with the animals. In chapter one, Orwell describes Old Major as being a prize Middle White boar. This tells the readers that he is better looked after than the rest of the animals by Mr Jones and as he serves a purpose of reward. Meaning Old Major does not work, and has a better quality of life than the rest of the other animals because of his title. Also, Orwell describes Old Major as the leader of the animals in chapter one where it reads, Old Major was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hours sleep in order to hear what he had to say. This tells the readers that Old Major is wise and powerful amongst the animals, and unlike Mr Jones he does it through gaining respect through his qualities instead of enforcing his ideals through violence. In chapter one, Orwell describes Old Majors appearance as King like which highlights Old Majors high status upon the farm. It reads He was twelve years old and had lately grown stout, but he was still a majestic looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. This tells the readers that Old Major is probably the oldest on the farm, as animals are usually killed for their meat after a few years of their lives. Also it tells the readers that Old major has a kind and astute exterior, which is a reflection of his personality which is compassionate and intelligent. In the film, Halas and Bachelor illustrate Old Major as being very fat with pendulous hanging flesh, implying a good life. Also Old Major is stood upon a stage in the barn above the rest of the animals reflecting his status upon the farm as he is literally above the rest of the animals. This is extended with a spot light upon him which gives him a godly, divine figure quality as the spot light is like a nimbus light or a halo. His power upon the other animals is portrayed in the film through him keeping discipline among the animals by just waving his trotter in the air. Also in the film Old Major dies on stage, unlike in the novel where he dies three days after his speech. During the speech Old Majors skin colour changes in several times, from pink, to dark pink and then finally to dark grey which is when he collapses on stage and dies. The effect that this colour change has upon the audience is it tells them that something has changed and in this instance it is Old Major being alive to being dead. In the novel Old Major uses shock tactics to frighten the animals during the speech to ensure a revolution against Mr Joness dictatorship. For example in chapter one it Old Major says, You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come-cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. This creates an image inside the readers minds of blood, death and destruction, which causes the animals and the readers to come to a realisation of what they are faced with if they do not rebel against Jones. In the film a vision of each animals ultimate fate appears during Old Majors speech. The first is of Boxer silhouetted against a dark sky pulling an enormous, overloaded cart. The second is of hands stealing the hens eggs, and the third is a vision of hams hanging, and a chopper and block floating across a blood red sky. These visions are the animals interpretation of Old Majors Speech, the lighting in these visions is dark to emphasise the ordeal of the animals futures and so is the blood coloured sky, as it reminds the audience of the animals being murdered if they do not rebel so that the audience empathise with the animals situation. In the novel Orwell describes Napoleon in some detail. In chapter two it reads, Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his on way. This portrays him as sinister and a key character in the future for the reader to watch out for. Also, further into chapter two, when the rebellion has happened, Napoleon takes it upon himself to give double rations to the animals in celebration. It reads, Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody This tells the readers that a dictatorship is starting to form. He has no right to take it upon himself to decide how to celebrate and how much each animal should receive for their victory in the rebellion. Also the fact that Napoleon is not mentioned at all during the battle of the cow shed, tells the readers how much of a coward he is and he only has interests in what benefits him directly and would never in danger himself deliberately no matter the cause, including the fortification of the revolution. In chapter seven Orwell describes Napoleon as being the same as Jones. I t reads, there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleons feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. This tells the readers that the revolution has been a disaster; Napoleon has deceived the animals letting him get away with breaking every rule of Animalism. The situation the animals are in now is just the same as it was in Jones days of dictatorship; nothing has changed. In the film the visual representation of Napoleon implies to the audience that he has something to hide and has alternative motives, by his colouring being predominately black over his face like a mask. An example of this is when Napoleon takes the puppies and trains them to kill his enemies when their parents are killed in the war of the cow shed. Also the darkness of his face and facial expressions mirror those of Mr Jones, so the visual resemblance causes the audience to see how similar the two characters are as well. The colouring of Napoleon is significant in the film as he is the only pig that has a predominately black body with small amounts of pink. The other pigs are of a uniform pink, so Napoleon is set apart from the rest at the start. In the film, Halas and Bachelor use gestures upon Napoleons face such as lip-licking and slurping to show the audience the extent of Napoleons greed. These gestures are used in the film at moments when there is a motive of getting food. An example of this is the way in which Mr Whimper is integrated into the farm by him giving Napoleon jam. Jam is definitely a love of Napoleons as he eats his way through the farms whole pantry on his own, when the animals first enter the farm house. Another facial expression that the film makers use on Napoleon is him showing his teeth. An example of this happens during Old Majors speech when a lamb bleats loudly, so to quieten the lamb he sneers viciously. By showing his teeth in such a manor he is portrayed as very aggressive, and the audience gets the impression that he will do anything to get what he wants. In the novel Orwell describes Snowball as Pre-eminent among the pigs, in chapter two. This tells the readers that he is the most excellent and greatest pig on the farm, besides Napoleon that is. This tells the readers that he is a character to watch out for later on in the novel. Also Orwell describes Snowball as being a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but not considered to have the same depth of character. This tells the readers that he is a more spirited, a happier character than Napoleon, so he is not as fowl mooded and more energetic in what he believes. An example of this is when the battle of the cow shed happens in chapter four. It reads, Snowball launched the first attack, which tells the readers that he is control of the animals actions in the battle. Also during the battle Snowba ll attacks Mr Jones, it reads, He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun, and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowballs back Without halting for an instant Snowball flung against Joness legs This tells the readers the bravery and selflessness that Snowball is capable of for the sake of the revolution that will change not only his life but animals across the globe if accomplished. In the film the visual representation of Snowball implies to the audience that he is different from the rest of the pigs as his colouring is of a very pale pink. He is quite fat which implies greed, but not as fat as Napoleon, which tells the audience that he is not as self indulgent or obsessed. Another key fact about Snowball is his chirpy disposition which tells the audience that he is more approachable, but in the battle scenes he is fierce, but he needs to be in such a time. The significant change that occurs in the film to the novel is that Snowball is killed by the savage dogs, where as in the novel he narrowly escapes with his life. The film makers use visual clues to hint that snowball has been killed. An example of this is the landscape that he runs in is dead as it is winter. The grounds are a snowy white and the trees that grow in the ground are black in colour and their angular branches seem to encage Snowball as he runs away from the dogs, which is a reflection of the situation he is in as he is trapped, he can not escape from the dogs. Another clue is the presence of Moses the tame raven; the raven is a symbol of death, and the gestures that Moses make are of disgust and fear as he observes the murder of Snowball. Another clue is the nod that one of the dogs gives Napoleon which is then replied with an evil smile celebrating the end of Napoleons rival Snowball. The reason why this change has been made in the film is that the film is targeted at a child audience, so it makes it easier for the child audience to know that Napoleon lies when using Snowball as an escape goat, and particularly when he kills animals unjustly with the justification of them, being in league with Snowball. In the novel Squealer is a persuasive speaker and Orwell describes him as this in chapter twp as, he could turn black to white. This tells the readers that he is able to change the minds of certain group members to agreement instead of disagreement. He could quite easily turn animals views against or for something in his favour. An example of him persuading the other animals is in chapter three, where the mysteriously missing milk had been found in the pigs mash and the apples had been ordered by the pigs to be for them and only them. This caused disagreement amongst the other animals and they had expected it to be shared equally. The pigs know they are wronging the others but they want the milk and apples, so to solve the problem Squealer is sent to persuade and deceive the other animals. It reads, Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science comrades) contain substances necessary to the well being of a pig. We pigs are brain-workers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. By using claims that are falsely backed up by science Squealer persuades the other animals. And he manages to increase the importance of the pigs upon the farm by planting seeds of doubt about the capability of the other animals by saying that the pigs are of a far superior intellect. Which then grows into the pigs being the only thing between the other animals and the return of Mr Jones when he says, Do you know what would happen if we failed in our duty? Jones would come back! This is emotional blackmail, as he is threatening them with the concept of Jones return which is their biggest fear. This puts the pigs in a position to demand what they want and they will receive with no argument. This is the first major situation where the revolution could then turn against the pigs but it does not due to the fear of Jones return. Instead it goes in favour of the pigs as the hierarchy of the farm is more defined with pigs on top. In the film Squealer has pale skin which implies that he is sheepish and a follower. It tells the audience that he does not have the ruthlessness of Napoleon; he is a yes man and he is the paler version of Napoleon. An example of his cowardly behaviour is during the battle of the cow shed where he hides from danger in a barrel with his fat pink bottom sticking out, which is humorous deliberately due to the child audience, so it alleviates the scene of a very dangerous situation. There is a subtle difference of Squealers role in the film from the novel as he is portrayed as Napoleons aid and shadow all way through the film, whereas in the novel he is originally one of the elite. He was an equal to Snowball and Napoleon at the early stages the Hierarchies formation, as they needed him to help their cause. One thing that remains in both is the fact that Squealer is the propagandist spreading the word of Animalism and the party line of Napoleon. In the novel Orwell describes the dogs in chapter five as being uge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. This tells the readers that the dogs are predators with menacing and wild characteristics. The dogs are a way of Napoleon ensuring his power over Animal Farm as the other animals all fear that they would face the same fate as Snowball. An example of this is in chapter five when Napoleon had banished Snowball and had taken the role of leader through the persuasive powers of Squealer and bullying tactics enforced by the fearful dogs. It reads, Tactics, comrades tactics! The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. This tells the readers that the dogs are Napoleons slaves, but the only thing keeping him in charge as the animals are so paranoid about being the next victim that they do as Napoleon says. In the film the dogs start off as being very cute, grey balls of fur that whimpered helplessly when their mother was killed in the battle of the cowshed. The fact that they are grey in colour implies to the audience that they are neutral; they are ignorant to the goings on in the farm with Mr Jones and the revolution. When they are taken away and brought up by Napoleon they are his slaves, his army that protect by any means. The film illustrators use demonic imagery for the appearance of the dogs as they have no individual features to differentiate one from the other, and only their white sharp teeth and their cool, cunning eyes upon their expressionless faces can be seen. When they are chasing Snowball over the snowy ground the dogs look like intensely black silhouettes. Also occasionally the dogs are shown with their tongue hanging out, which tells the audience of the dogs appetite and reminds the audience of their savage eating and their predatory instincts making them threatening just to look at. An example of this is when they have killed Snowball; they are seen with blood red tongues and salivary jaws, which in itself provoke an image in the audiences minds of the savage ripping and tearing of Snowballs throat. The film makers also make it apparent that the dogs are Napoleons private army by they all looking the same, as if they wear a black uniform; black being symbolic of evil, which mirrors Napoleons character. Also the way the dogs move in packs and formations of two, enforces the audiences sense of them being predators and also more like machines as they serve a purpose with no emotion. In the novel Orwell describes the hens as rebelling against the order from Napoleon of giving their eggs to Mr Whimper for money. In chapter seven it reads, they must surrender their eggs When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry hey protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca Pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleons wishes. This tells the reader how brave and how sick they are of being under Napoleons rule and that he had gone too far this time. They carry on the fight which they are doomed to lose with valiant attacks that have no effect. It reads, Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. This is a great tactic as it gets right under Napoleons skin because he will lose money and face, but the repercussions are his wrath. The hens punishment being no rations, until they lay their eggs in agreement to Napoleons orders. This is also a point of frustration for the reader as this could easily go either way if the hens had more help from the other animals. There was the drive for a rebellion as Napoleon was telling the chickens to sacrifice their children for money, which is exactly what Jones did before his expulsion. Sadly the chickens are killed by starvation and the survivors carry out the orders. The first dissentients of Napoleon are crushed, which is distressing as it shows the readers the lack of hope in this situation. In the film the hens are depicted dramatically in the raid during their strike. The only facial features that you see are their big, white, blinking eyes, as the barn is so stooped in shadow. Their presence in the barn is made apparent by the elongated shadows scurrying from hiding place to hiding place in fear of being killed by the dogs. When the hens are ambushed by the dogs, the hens flap up to the rafters and attack with a triumphant bombardment of eggs that land upon the pigs faces, making the pigs run straight out of the barn in fear. This is a literal image of the phrase, egg on their faces, which is an attempt to lighten the heavy mood of this scene. Sadly the hens cant win, with every attempt to fight with apathetic pecking of the dogs noses, many are savagely killed by the dogs biting and tearing of the hens throats. In the novel Orwell portrays Boxers character repeatedly as the gentle giant, but could also be very violent but only when threatened with his life. An example of this is in chapter one where it reads, walking very slowly and setting their vast heavy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. This tells the readers that he is conscious of those around him and of a very gentle nature. An example of Boxers violent side is in chapter seven where Napoleons dogs have attacked Boxer with no reason at all. It reads, Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. This tells the readers of Boxers immense physical strength and of character as he fights off the one thing keeping Napoleon in power. This sends a very powerful message of hope for the future to the readers, as it is another reminder that the animals have a chance to win over Napoleons regime. This is frustrating, because in the end, although they have had these chances to defeat him with force, they never take it and are left with an evil dictator and regime, so they are no better off with their current existence than their previous one with Mr Jones. Orwell portrays Boxer consistently as a very hard working and loyal character, as well as an inspiration to the other animals upon the farm. In chapter seven it reads, the other animals found more inspiration in Boxers strength and his never-failing cry of I will work harder! This tells the readers that he could easily encourage the other animals to revolution as he is the most respected on the farm deservedly. Another trait of Boxers character that Orwell makes apparent to the reader is that he is not very intelligent. In chapter seven Boxers disagreement of Snowball being a traitor is quietened by Squealer saying Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, has stated categoricallycategorically comradethat Snowball was Joness agent from the very beginningyes, and from long before the Rebellion Ah, that is different! said Boxer. If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right. This shows the readers how naive and gullible he is and also how he likes to see the best in a situation all the time. If only he pushed his arguments instead of take Squealers poor explanations without further questioning, and then the other animals would see the reality of Napoleons rule. Once again, a point of frustration for the reader as it could easily go to the direction of the other animals fighting and defeating Napoleon through another revolution, but never happens.